{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-blog-list-template-js","path":"/engineering/21","result":{"data":{"allMarkdownRemark":{"edges":[{"node":{"excerpt":"Introduction to Arduino and its usage Arduino is an open-source community that works on both Hardware and software development. We can say…","fields":{"slug":"/engineering/bluetooth-controlled-arduino-car-miniature/"},"html":"

Introduction to Arduino and its usage

\n

Arduino is an open-source community that works on both Hardware and software development. We can say that both the hardware and software help build the new segment automated devices like e.g., 3D printer, IOT based projects, and much more.

\n

The Arduino software is used to build the code for every project made using any Arduino boards; it mostly uses the C/C++ language for its coding. Once the code is ready, we have to just compile and upload it on the board to make our project work. There are many types of Arduino boards like Arduino Uno, Arduino Nano, Arduino USB, etc. In this project, we are going to use the Arduino UNO board (Atmega 328p).

\n

Bluetooth Module HC-05

\n

Bluetooth HC-05 is a Bluetooth module that is mostly used in the Bluetooth based project. It is easy to operate and can be easily configured with the Arduino.

\n

It has two operating modes: Command mode and Data mode, as we can change these modes by just pressing the push button on the Bluetooth module.\nIt has Six terminals. Two terminal are Vcc and GROUND for power purpose. The other two are TXD and RXD, the transmitter and receiver; respectively, these are the terminals that send and receive signals from the Arduino board to control the device. The other two terminals are State and Key, which tells the state of the module that it is in command mode or data mode.

\n

Motor Driver L298D

\n

This is an IC made into a Module with a HEAT SINK embedded into it, which helps release heat whenever the L298D IC is heated. Now, this module is used to control the motors connected for the locomotion of the car; these motors work by the command prompted by the Arduino to move or rotate in a specific direction. It can control Four Gear motors at maximum; also, the speed of the motors can be handled by this IC.

\n

Objective

\n\n

Components Required for the project:

\n
    \n
  1. Arduino UNO
    2. \n
  2. Bluetooth HC-05 Module
    3. \n
  3. Motor Driver L298
    4. \n
  4. Jumper Wires
    5. \n
  5. Gear Motors (x4)
    6. \n
  6. 12 V battery (x3 Lithium-ion cells)
    7. \n
  7. LED
    8. \n
  8. Motor Wheels
    9. \n
\n

Pin Connections:

\n
    \n
  1. Connect one terminal of each of two motors to the OUT1 (left side) and OUT2(left side) pins and each of the other two motors to the OUT3(right side) and OUT4(right side) of L298N motor driver.
    2. \n
  2. Connect the  positive wire of batteries to +12V pin and negative to the GND of L298N also +5V(of motor driver) to Vin(in analog pins)
    3. \n
  3. Connect the same GND of a motor driver to GND (in analog) of Arduino.
    4. \n
  4. Pins of HC-05 are connected to Arduino like this: GND(in analog pins) to GND; VCC(in analog) to 5V; RX to TX(in digital pins) and TX to RX(in digital pins).
    5. \n
  5. Connect anode and cathode of LED to Pin 9 (in digital pins) and 3.3V (in analog pins) pins, respectively.
    6. \n
  6. The use of the LED light is the optional parameter in this project.
    7. \n
\n

Here, I want to tell one important point that, The code that will be given should be uploaded before connection of the pins; else you will face an error in uploading the code, so, just first copy the code provided below and pasted in the Arduino software and upload it to the board before the pin connections.

\n
\n

Software details: Arduino: 1.8.9 (Windows Store 1.8.21.0) (Windows 10), Board: \"Arduino/Genuino Uno \"

\n
\n
\n

The application used for Controlling the car is Arduino Car, which can be found on Playstore.

\n
\n

CODE FOR THE PROJECT

\n
char t;\n \nvoid setup() {\npinMode(13,OUTPUT);   //left motors forward\npinMode(12,OUTPUT);   //left motors reverse\npinMode(11,OUTPUT);   //right motors forward\npinMode(10,OUTPUT);   //right motors reverse\npinMode(9,OUTPUT);   //Led\nSerial.begin(9600);\n \n}\n \nvoid loop() {\nif(Serial.available()){\n  t = Serial.read();\n  Serial.println(t);\n}\n \nif(t == 'F'){            //move forward(all motors rotate in forward direction)\n  digitalWrite(13,HIGH);\n  digitalWrite(11,HIGH);\n}\n \nelse if(t == 'G'){      //move reverse (all motors rotate in reverse direction)\n  digitalWrite(12,HIGH);\n  digitalWrite(10,HIGH);\n}\n \nelse if(t == 'R'){      //turn right (left side motors rotate in forward direction, right side motors doesn't rotate)\n  digitalWrite(11,HIGH);\n}\n \nelse if(t == 'L'){      //turn left (right side motors rotate in forward direction, left side motors doesn't rotate)\n  digitalWrite(13,HIGH);\n}\n\nelse if(t == 'M'){    //turn led on or off)\n  digitalWrite(9,HIGH);\n}\nelse if(t == 'm'){\n  digitalWrite(9,LOW);\n}\n \nelse if(t == 'S'){      //STOP (all motors stop)\n  digitalWrite(13,LOW);\n  digitalWrite(12,LOW);\n  digitalWrite(11,LOW);\n  digitalWrite(10,LOW);\n}\nelse if(t == 'Q'){\n   digitalWrite(13,HIGH);\n  delay(2000);\n    digitalWrite(13,HIGH);\n  digitalWrite(11,HIGH);\n  delay(2000) ;\n  digitalWrite(13,LOW);\n  digitalWrite(11,LOW);\n}\n else if(t == 'E'){\n   digitalWrite(11,HIGH);\n  delay(2000);\n    digitalWrite(13,HIGH);\n  digitalWrite(11,HIGH);\n  delay(2000); \n  digitalWrite(13,LOW);\n  digitalWrite(11,LOW);\n}\n else if(t == 'Z'){\n   digitalWrite(13,HIGH);\n  delay(2000);\n  digitalWrite(12,HIGH);\n  digitalWrite(10,HIGH);\n  delay(2000) ;\n  digitalWrite(12,LOW);\n  digitalWrite(10,LOW);\n  digitalWrite(13,LOW);\n}\n else if(t == 'C'){\n   digitalWrite(11,HIGH);\n  delay(2000);\n    digitalWrite(12,HIGH);\n  digitalWrite(10,HIGH);\n  delay(2000); \n  digitalWrite(12,LOW);\n  digitalWrite(11,LOW);\n  digitalWrite(10,LOW);\n}\n}
\n","frontmatter":{"date":"November 04, 2020","updated_date":null,"description":"In this blog, you will learn how to make a Bluetooth controlled Arduino Car.","title":"Bluetooth Controlled Arduino Car Miniature","tags":["Arduino","Bluetooth"],"pinned":null,"coverImage":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/97e8b7b803bfeda226780dd055369351/58556/Arduinocar.webp","srcSet":"/static/97e8b7b803bfeda226780dd055369351/61e93/Arduinocar.webp 200w,\n/static/97e8b7b803bfeda226780dd055369351/1f5c5/Arduinocar.webp 400w,\n/static/97e8b7b803bfeda226780dd055369351/58556/Arduinocar.webp 800w,\n/static/97e8b7b803bfeda226780dd055369351/210c1/Arduinocar.webp 900w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}},"author":{"id":"Abhishek Potekar","github":"Madmaxcoder2612","avatar":null}}}},{"node":{"excerpt":"Amazon Web Services offers scalable, reliable, and inexpensive cloud computing services. Below are some salient features provided by AWS…","fields":{"slug":"/engineering/a-journey-with-aws/"},"html":"

Amazon Web Services offers scalable, reliable, and inexpensive cloud computing services. Below are some salient features provided by AWS.

\n
    \n
  1. Secure cloud services platform
    2. \n
  2. Compute power
    3. \n
  3. Database storage
    4. \n
  4. Content delivery
    5. \n
  5. Pay for what you use
    6. \n
\n

Prerequisites:

\n\n

AWS EC2(Elastic Compute Cloud)

\n

It is the most commonly used service of AWS and catered deployment of various applications as per AMI configured before creating an EC2 Instance.\nAmazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web service that provides secure and resizable compute capacity in the cloud.\nIt is designed to make web-scale cloud computing easier for developers.
\nHere are some of the important steps while setting up new EC2 Instance->

\n

Choose an Amazon AMI.\n\"AWS\"

\n

Choose the instance type.\n\"AWS\"

\n

Configure security group(It allows specific IP's that user will give permission to specific ports as per requirement.)\n\"AWS\"

\n

Login to EC2 via CLI

\n
$ ssh -i ec2-key.pem ec2-user@11.11.11.111
\n

Switch to ROOT

\n
sudo su
\n

AWS RDS(Relational Database Service)

\n

Amazon Relational Database Service is a web service that makes it easier to set up, operate, and scale a relational database in the AWS Cloud. It provides a resizable, cost-efficient capacity for an industry-standard relational database and manages everyday database administration tasks.\nAfter setting up RDS, you can be logged in to the local tool(SQL Developer/ MY SQL Workbench) and copy RDS's endpoint with Username/Password configured while setting RDS.

\n

\"Available

\n

AWS ElastiCache

\n

Amazon ElastiCache allows you to seamlessly set up, run, and scale popular open-Source compatible in-memory data stores in the cloud. This service is commonly used to avoid unnecessary calls to RDS and improve the user experience by displaying the data faster.

\n

There are two types of cluster engine supported by AWS ElastiCache

\n\n

\"AWS

\n

Login to Redis locally via this command (First port can be anything except 6379 as it will direct AWS Redis to local Redis installed on the machine) and after first port, just paste the endpoint of Redis.

\n
ssh -f -i ec2-key.pem -N -L 6378:demo-redis.xxxx.xx.0001.xxxx.cache.amazonaws.com:6379 ec2-user@11.11.11.111
\n

AWS Lex

\n

Amazon Lex provides advanced deep learning functionalities of ASR(Automatic Speech Recognition) & NLU(Natural Language Understanding). With the use of Lex, we can build chatbots that can converse using speech and text as mediums.\nThere are a few components of BOT that need to be understood to build it.

\n\n

\"AWS

\n

Moreover, there are VERSIONS linked with bots, intents, and custom slots. With the help of versions, we can make changes in the dev version without any impact occurring in PROD; hence it helps to make Immutable versions of bot that is created using AWS Lex.

\n

\"AWS

\n

AWS API Gateway

\n

This AWS service is used to Create, Publish, Maintain, and Monitor secure Application Programming Interfaces(API). Moreover, it provides an easy interface for code running on AWS Lambda.\nHere are some of the pointers that explain the need for this service.

\n\n

This service enables us to make APIs on the go with a few clicks; also, we can use the Mocking approach to make dummy routes without any original data. In this faking data is used and bouncing back to without any activity.

\n

\"AWS

\n

AWS DynamoDB

\n

Dynamo DB is a NO SQL database provided by Amazon Web Services. The main job of Dynamo DB is to Store & Retrieve any amount of data and serve any level requests of traffic.\nIn this, there are different terminologies as that of a regular database. Secondary Indexes is a Data Structure that contains a subset of attributes from a table.

\n\n

\"AWS

\n","frontmatter":{"date":"November 03, 2020","updated_date":null,"description":"Learn about various AWS services and how to set up in a step by step tutorial.","title":"AWS Services-Walkthrough","tags":["AWS","Serverless"],"pinned":null,"coverImage":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/78050f048f7ab8ee8ffbdfdb9cfbee1a/58556/aws.webp","srcSet":"/static/78050f048f7ab8ee8ffbdfdb9cfbee1a/61e93/aws.webp 200w,\n/static/78050f048f7ab8ee8ffbdfdb9cfbee1a/1f5c5/aws.webp 400w,\n/static/78050f048f7ab8ee8ffbdfdb9cfbee1a/58556/aws.webp 800w,\n/static/78050f048f7ab8ee8ffbdfdb9cfbee1a/210c1/aws.webp 900w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}},"author":{"id":"Nitin Gupta","github":"ng29","avatar":null}}}},{"node":{"excerpt":"As we all know, Twitter is one of the most preferred microblogging websites when it comes to putting your thoughts on the internet. Big…","fields":{"slug":"/engineering/beginners-guide-to-tweepy/"},"html":"

As we all know, Twitter is one of the most preferred microblogging websites when it comes to putting your thoughts on the internet. Big organizations use this platform for advertising their product; government institutions even use it to provide prompt customer resolution; various groups use Twitter to run social awareness campaigns and media campaigns. Twitter has close to 330 million monthly active users worldwide, out of which 17 million hits are generated from India itself along with more than 1 billion downloads on Play Store. With all this in mind, Twitter allows access to Twitter API to developers to create some cool applications like bots, automation tools, etc. This Twitter API gives developers access to almost all of Twitter's functionalities like likes, retweets, tweets, etc. Tweepy, a python package, helps us in achieving all this.

\n

Tweepy is a python package that smoothly and transparently accesses Twitter's endpoints made available for the developers. Without Tweepy, the user would have to take care of various low-level details about HTTP requests, rate limiting, authentication, serialization, etc. Tweepy handles all this mess on behalf of the user making the application prone to errors.\nIn simple words, Tweepy is an open-source python package that provides a way for developers to communicate with the Twitter API. But keep in mind that Twitter levies a rate limit on the number of requests made to the Twitter API. To be precise, 900 requests/15 minutes are allowed; Twitter feeds anything above that an error.

\n

Installation

\n

Tweepy can be installed by using Python package manager pip. A simple demonstration can be seen below:\n\"installation\"

\n

Installation on Linux and macOS should follow similar steps as well.

\n

Twitter API uses OAuth for authentication, so initially, you need to apply for authentication credentials from Twitter. These authentication credentials basically consists of 4 components namely : consumerkey, consumersecretkey, accesstoken, accesstokensecret . These credentials from Twitter are used to instantiate the API. Each account gets a unique key, so don't reuse someone else's keys.\nFor getting those credentials from Twitter, apply for a developer account on the Twitter Developers page.\n\"twitterdev\"\nThis is what the account looks like. Here you will get detailed information about the total no. of requests made, your API credentials, and much more information. After creating an account, you need to create an app wherein you will be asked to name your app and a short description. You must be wondering what an app is?\nThe app is like a gateway that contains a set of permissions and keys used to access the Twitter API. An app is needed for accessing the Twitter API as a part of Twitter's OAuth authentication. After creating an app, generate new authentication tokens for authorization purposes.

\n

\"keys\"

\n

Getting Started: Tweepy

\n

There are four common basic steps in any Tweepy application.

\n
    \n
  1. Importing tweepy package.
    2. \n
  2. Setting the authentication credentials.
    3. \n
  3. Instantiating the API.
    4. \n
  4. Creating API object.
    5. \n
\n
import tweepy\n# authenticating twitter api credentials\nconsumer_key = '2OsNoPKOYCpxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'\nconsumer_secret = 'Xw07uU51xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'\naccess_token = '24621057xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'\naccess_token_secret = 'pXt5xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'\n\n# instantiating the api\nauth = tweepy.OAuthHandler(consumer_key, consumer_secret)\nauth.set_access_token(access_token, access_token_secret)\n\n# creating API object\n\napi = tweepy.API(auth,wait_on_rate_limit=True,wait_on_rate_limit_notify=True)\n\nimport tabulate\nuser = api.get_user("Cristiano")\nprint("User Details:")\nprint(tabulate([["Name","Description","Location"],[user.name,user.description,user.location]],headers="firstrow"))
\n
\n

Note: Use your credentials in the hidden keys above._

\n
\n

Objects created from the Tweepy. API class helps us access most of Twitter's available functionality like tweets, retweets, likes, etc. In the code snippet, we used the api.get_user method for getting information about a certain user on Twitter. Likewise, there can be several use cases of different methods(discussed below) made available by Twitter to developers. You can find the link for this code here.

\n

Now we will see different methods provided by Twitter. The API methods have been divided into groups based on their functionality. The detailed guide for the API methods can be found at the official API Reference documentation.

\n\n

Timeline Methods

\n

These methods handles the tweets, retweets, statuses on your/someone else's timeline as long as the account is public.

\n
tweets = api.home_timeline()\nfor tweet in tweets:\n    print(f"{tweet.user.name} said {tweet.text}")
\n

api.home_timeline() is an API method that returns the 20 most recent tweets on the user's timeline.

\n

Status Methods

\n

These methods deal with creating, fetching tweets, retweeting tweets.

\n
api.update_status("Hello World!")
\n

api.update_status() is an API method used to create a tweet on the user's timeline. For each update request, it will check the user's recent tweets. If any duplication is found, the request will be blocked by Twitter as a user cannot post the same tweet more than once.

\n

User Methods

\n

These methods help to find the user details using various paramaeter like name, location, description,friends, followers,etc. as long as the account is public.

\n
user = api.get_user("ISRO")\nprint(user.name)\nprint(user.decscription)\nprint(user.followers)\nprint(user.location)
\n

We have used get_user() previously to fetch user details of specific accounts.

\n

Friendship Methods

\n

These methods help the user to follow, unfollow certain accounts, list the accounts user follows, etc.

\n
api.create_friendship("elonmusk")
\n

create_friendship() will add @elonmusk to the list of accounts you follow.

\n

Favorite Methods

\n

Likes or unlikes(if already liked) the status specified in the ID parameter as the authenticating user.

\n
api.create_favorite(tweet.id)
\n

create_favorite() will like a tweet based on the tweet id provided.

\n

Block Methods

\n

Used to block, unblock, list blocked accounts of the user.

\n
api.create_block(id/screen_name)
\n

createblock() will block the specific user using the id/screenname provided.

\n

Search Methods

\n

These methods help the user to search specific tweet based upon the search query and parameters provided. But not all tweets will be indexed or made available through the search methods.

\n
for tweets in api.search(q="iphone", lang="en"):\n    print(tweet.text)
\n

search() will look out for all the tweets available for the query keyword 'q' provided.

\n

Trends Methods

\n

It returns the trends going on at a specific geographical location.

\n
api.trends_place(1)
\n

trends_place() will show trends in the specific area. Here one stands for worldwide.

\n

Geo Methods

\n

It returns the geographical location like latitude, the longitude of the place id provided.

\n
api.geo_id(id)
\n

geo_id() returns more geographical information of the concerned place id.

\n

Conclusion

\n

Tweepy allows the user to concentrate on the application's logic by hiding many low-level details, thus making the application bug-free. You can use tweepy to do some cool projects like bots, automation, machine learning applications, etc.

\n
Ket Takeaways
\n\n

More information about tweepy can be found at docs. Make sure to look at the official documentation as it will provide you with a greater picture of the package. So what are you waiting for? Go ahead, use your imagination, and get started with the side-project you've always been thinking of.

\n","frontmatter":{"date":"November 02, 2020","updated_date":null,"description":"Learn how to use Twitter APIs using Tweepy, a python package,","title":"Beginners Guide to Tweepy ","tags":["Twitter","Tweepy","Python"],"pinned":null,"coverImage":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/f706bedc2cff52e9c0f73c8e799ee39c/58556/coverimage.webp","srcSet":"/static/f706bedc2cff52e9c0f73c8e799ee39c/61e93/coverimage.webp 200w,\n/static/f706bedc2cff52e9c0f73c8e799ee39c/1f5c5/coverimage.webp 400w,\n/static/f706bedc2cff52e9c0f73c8e799ee39c/58556/coverimage.webp 800w,\n/static/f706bedc2cff52e9c0f73c8e799ee39c/99238/coverimage.webp 1200w,\n/static/f706bedc2cff52e9c0f73c8e799ee39c/7c22d/coverimage.webp 1600w,\n/static/f706bedc2cff52e9c0f73c8e799ee39c/25f09/coverimage.webp 1920w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}},"author":{"id":"Sameer Mahajan","github":"sameermahajan101","avatar":null}}}},{"node":{"excerpt":"Introduction to Github APIs What are APIs API stands for Application Program Interfaces, which developers use to access web tools or…","fields":{"slug":"/engineering/github-api/"},"html":"

Introduction to Github APIs

\n

What are APIs

\n

API stands for Application Program Interfaces, which developers use to access web tools or information on the cloud. It allows different cross-platform applications to talk to each other.\nOne of the common examples of it is Google Speech to Text API used when you talk to Google Assistant.

\n

What is Github APIs

\n

Github APIs( or Github ReST APIs) are the APIs that you can use to interact with GitHub. They allow you to create and manage repositories, branches, issues, pull requests, and many more.\nFor fetching publicly available information (like public repositories, user profiles, etc.), you can call the API. For other actions, you need to provide an authenticated token.

\n

Basic Github APIs Examples

\n

The base URL for GitHub APIs is:- GithubAPI

\n

Accessing Public Information

\n

Fetching user information with its username

\n

Request type: GET\nAPI endpoint: /users/{username}

\n

Example :- curl https://api.github.com/users/devkapilbansal

\n

\"user_details\"

\n

As you can see, API returns us a JSON response with info about the user, like its imageurl, name, mailaddress.

\n

Fetching user's followers' list

\n

Request type: GET\nAPI endpoint: /users/{username}/followers

\n

Example :- curl https://api.github.com/devkapilbansal/followers

\n

\"followers\"

\n

This URL returns info about all the users that follow a particular user.

\n

Check if a user follows another

\n

Request type: GET\nAPI endpoint: /user/{username}/following/{target_username}

\n

This endpoint doesn't return any content. It just returns a status code.

\n

A status code of 204 means the target_user is followed by the user, whereas a status code of 404 means the user does not follow a target_user.

\n

Example :- curl https://api.github.com/devkapilbansal/following/KapilBansal

\n

When a user follows another user\n\"follow\"

\n

When a user doesn't follow another user\n\"not_follow\"

\n

Performing tasks as an authenticated user

\n

If you provide an authenticated token, you don't need to provide a username in the endpoints mentioned above.

\n

By providing the token, you can create repositories/gists, comment on pull requests/issues, and all other tasks that you can perform from the Web Interface.

\n

Generating Token

\n

You can get a token by going to Personal access tokens and clicking on Generate new token. You will be asked for the permissions/scopes of that token. Choose them wisely while creating one as some of these might be destructive.

\n

After selecting scopes, click on generate token and save the token somewhere as you will not see that token again.

\n

Note:- Store your token in a secured environment while using it.

\n

Creating a Repository

\n

Request type: POST\nAPI endpoint: /user/{repos}\nRequired data: name

\n

Example :- curl -H \"Authorization: token ${token}\" -d '{\"name\":\"Github API Testing\"}' https://api.github.com/user/repos

\n

\"create

\n

List issues assigned to you

\n

Request type: GET\nAPI endpoint: /issues

\n

Example :- curl -H \"Authorization: token ${token}\" https://api.github.com/issues

\n

\"list

\n

Creating an issue

\n

Request type: POST\nAPI endpoint: /repos/{owner}/{repo_name}/issues\nRequired data: title

\n

Example :- curl -H \"Authorization: token ${token}\" -d '{\"title\":\"Issue_For_Test\"}' https://api.github.com/repos/devkapilbansal/Github-API-Testing/issues

\n

\"create_issue\"

\n

Commenting on issue

\n

Request type: POST\nAPI endpoint: /repos/{owner}/{reponame}/issues/{issueno}/comments\nRequired data: body

\n

Example :- curl -H \"Authorization: token ${token}\" -d '{\"body\":\"Test comment\"}' https://api.github.com/repos/devkapilbansal/Github-API-Testing/issues/1/comments

\n

\"comment\"

\n

Note - The same endpoint is used for commenting on pull requests too. Just change the issue number with the pull request number.

\n

Opening/Closing an issue

\n

Request type: PUT\nAPI endpoint: /repos/{owner}/{reponame}/issues/{issueno}

\n

Example :- curl -H \"Authorization: token ${token}\" -d '{\"state\":\"close\"}' https://api.github.com/repos/devkapilbansal/Github-API-Testing/issues/1

\n

Note - The same endpoint is valid for updating pull requests too.

\n

Results

\n

The above results can be verified on the GitHub website too.\n\"results\"

\n

Conclusion

\n

There are a lot more endpoints that you can explore at Github. Also, you can only do the work you are authorized to with that token.\nAlthough there are plenty of data fields that can be sent with these endpoints, only required ones are shown above.

\n","frontmatter":{"date":"November 02, 2020","updated_date":null,"description":"Github APIs are a way to interact with Github. Here, we will learn about some basic things we can do with Github APIs.","title":"Introduction to Github APIs","tags":["Github","API"],"pinned":null,"coverImage":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/9b0ec78bfd1a3c9406386c61f5dcb8c4/58556/GitHub_coverImage.webp","srcSet":"/static/9b0ec78bfd1a3c9406386c61f5dcb8c4/61e93/GitHub_coverImage.webp 200w,\n/static/9b0ec78bfd1a3c9406386c61f5dcb8c4/1f5c5/GitHub_coverImage.webp 400w,\n/static/9b0ec78bfd1a3c9406386c61f5dcb8c4/58556/GitHub_coverImage.webp 800w,\n/static/9b0ec78bfd1a3c9406386c61f5dcb8c4/99238/GitHub_coverImage.webp 1200w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}},"author":{"id":"Kapil Bansal","github":"devkapilbansal","avatar":null}}}},{"node":{"excerpt":"What is Android Studio? In recent times, Android became the world's most popular operating system for various reasons. As an Android…","fields":{"slug":"/engineering/introduction-to-android-studio/"},"html":"

What is Android Studio?

\n

In recent times, Android became the world's most popular operating system for various reasons. As an Android programmer, I want to share what the Android Studio is? Android Studio is an IDE for Google Android Development launched on 16th May 2013, during Google's I/O 2013 event. Android Studio contains all the Android tools to design, test, debug, and profile your application. The Android Studio uses Gradle to manage your project, a Build Automation Tool.

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For developing your first app, you need to download Android Studio for your preferred platform (Windows®, Mac OS X, or Linux) from the Android developers site. Android Studio can develop and test your application on either a real device or an emulator.

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Android Studio has many exciting features that can help you to develop your Android application like :
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You can experience all the awesome features by using Android Studio in-hand.

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Let's Build Something!!!

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In this article, we're going to build a simple \"Hello World\" Android Application.

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Requirement: Make sure you have Android Studio installed. If you don't, refer to this link. It's pretty straightforward.

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To create the application, we will follow these steps through the process in a pretty painless manner.

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Step 1. Open your Android Studio after installing, and this following screen appears after starting:

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\"alt_text\"

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Step 2. Click on \"Start a New Android Project\" and choose the activity we want the project to be. For me, I'm selecting an empty activity.

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\"alt_text\"

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Step 3. Configure your project by changing the project's name and the desired language the user wants to code with. Android Studio supports two languages, i.e., Java and Kotlin. The user can also choose their desired API, like which android version they want to run, and then click on finish.

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\"alt_text\"

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Step 4.Wait until your Gradle build finishes successfully and find your java and .xml file from folders of the app, as shown in the given image.\n\"alt_text\"

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Step 5. Click onto your .xml file to see the initial layout of the file like the given image. You can drag and drop from the palette's items and change your layout by dragging and dropping.

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\"alt_text\"

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Step 6. At last, Run your file by the run button on the top right corner in your emulator configured.\nAnd hurray! You created your First Android Application!

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Closing Thoughts

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This article introduces Android, including just enough hands-on dragging and dropping to hopefully get you excited to know more about the Android platform. As we dig deeper, we can explore the capabilities of this great platform.

\n","frontmatter":{"date":"October 30, 2020","updated_date":null,"description":"Getting Started with Android Studio and making your first app.","title":"Introduction to Android Studio","tags":["Android Studio","Android App"],"pinned":null,"coverImage":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/c917e805c15a131fd63af0849f3c5811/58556/cover.webp","srcSet":"/static/c917e805c15a131fd63af0849f3c5811/61e93/cover.webp 200w,\n/static/c917e805c15a131fd63af0849f3c5811/1f5c5/cover.webp 400w,\n/static/c917e805c15a131fd63af0849f3c5811/58556/cover.webp 800w,\n/static/c917e805c15a131fd63af0849f3c5811/99238/cover.webp 1200w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}},"author":{"id":"Prithviraj Biswas","github":"prithvirajbytes","avatar":null}}}},{"node":{"excerpt":"A login screen is a web page or an entry page to a web/mobile application that requires user identification and authentication, regularly…","fields":{"slug":"/engineering/loginscreen-testing-tips/"},"html":"

A login screen is a web page or an entry page to a web/mobile application that requires user identification and authentication, regularly performed by entering a username and password combination.\nThe login process is the most essential feature for any system/application as it provides access to an entire web-site/application or part of it. So, testing of the login screen needs complete coverage.

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\"Login

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Mentioned below are few tips that can be referred for testing the login screen of any system/application.

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UI/UX:

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Security Checks:

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Functionality:

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Thanks for reading and happy testing!

\n","frontmatter":{"date":"October 30, 2020","updated_date":null,"description":"Login process is the most important feature for any system/application as it provides access to an entire web-site/application or part of it. This article is providing you with some important tips & ideas about login testing.","title":"Login Screen - Tips and Ideas for Testing","tags":["LoginScreen","TestingTips"],"pinned":null,"coverImage":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/d2f02e6f83261e65c59df537735d0919/58556/CoverImage.webp","srcSet":"/static/d2f02e6f83261e65c59df537735d0919/61e93/CoverImage.webp 200w,\n/static/d2f02e6f83261e65c59df537735d0919/1f5c5/CoverImage.webp 400w,\n/static/d2f02e6f83261e65c59df537735d0919/58556/CoverImage.webp 800w,\n/static/d2f02e6f83261e65c59df537735d0919/99238/CoverImage.webp 1200w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}},"author":{"id":"Sudhey Sharma","github":"sudheysharma","avatar":null}}}}]},"markdownRemark":{"excerpt":"Introduction Ever wondered how apps like Spotify, Netflix, or Slack manage seamless login experiences across devices? Many of them use JWT…","fields":{"slug":"/engineering/how-to-integrate-jwt/"},"html":"

Introduction

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Ever wondered how apps like Spotify, Netflix, or Slack manage seamless login experiences across devices? Many of them use JWT, or JSON Web Tokens, a compact, stateless method for securely transmitting user identity and session data across services.

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With JWT token authentication, identity information is embedded in a signed token, allowing you to maintain user sessions without server-side storage. This approach is highly scalable and ideal for modern architectures like SPAs, mobile apps, and microservices.

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In this blog, we’ll walk you through what is JWT, why use it, and how to implement JWT authentication using LoginRadius.

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You’ll learn what JWT is, why it’s effective, and how it works in real-world applications. We'll cover both integration methods (IDX and Direct API), generating your signing key, managing sessions, storing the JWT token securely, and applying best practices throughout.

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Whether you're a developer, product manager, or IAM architect, this guide offers a complete foundation for implementing JWT token authentication into your application stack.

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What is JWT?

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JSON Web Token (JWT) is an open standard (RFC 7519) used to transmit information securely between parties as a JSON object. It’s compact, self-contained, and digitally signed, making it a reliable format for authentication and authorization across modern applications.

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A JWT consists of three parts:

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  1. Header – Contains metadata like the type of token and signing algorithm (e.g., HS256).
    2. \n
  2. Payload – Stores the actual data or “claims,” such as user ID, roles, and token expiry.
    3. \n
  3. Signature – A cryptographic hash that ensures the token hasn’t been tampered with.
    4. \n
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Example of a token structure:

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<base64Header>.<base64Payload>.<signature>

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Why Use JWT?

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How JWT Works?

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\"Flowchart

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  1. A user logs in with credentials.
    2. \n
  2. Your app (or identity provider like LoginRadius) issues a signed JWT.
    3. \n
  3. The client stores the token and sends it with each request (usually in the Authorization header).
    4. \n
  4. The server validates the token’s signature and claims.
    5. \n
  5. If valid, access is granted — without any session stored on the backend.
    6. \n
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JWT simplifies identity verification, especially when you're building apps that talk to APIs or need to scale without centralized session storage.

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JWT Authentication with LoginRadius: Overview

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LoginRadius provides robust support for JWT (JSON Web Token) authentication, which allows for flexible and secure access control across different digital platforms. Whether you're building a fully custom identity flow or using a pre-built interface, the platform supports various integration approaches depending on your architecture.

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If you're looking to understand how to implement JWT token authentication effectively, LoginRadius offers two primary implementation models that cater to different levels of customization and control:

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1. IDX Implementation – JWT through a Hosted Login Page

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The IDX-hosted login approach enables secure, standards-compliant, JWT-based authentication without requiring you to build a custom login interface. This is a strategic option for fast, compliant, and user-friendly deployments.

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Configuration Steps:

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  1. Enable JWT Login
    2. \n
  2. Go to authentication configuration settings and enable JWT Login in the Admin Console.
    3. \n
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\"Screenshot

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    \n
  1. Specify your signing algorithm and expiry policy, and define your JWT Secret Key.
    2. \n
  2. Input a secure JWT signing key.
    3. \n
  3. Specify token expiry duration (e.g., 15–60 minutes)
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  4. Select the desired algorithm —HS256 for symmetric signing (same key signs and verifies)
    5. \n
  5. RS256 for asymmetric signing, where LoginRadius securely stores the private key used to sign the JWT.
    6. \n
  6. Your app or backend service uses the public key to validate the token signature.
    7. \n
  7. LoginRadius provides a JWKS (JSON Web Key Set) endpoint to dynamically fetch and rotate public keys, ensuring trust without key exposure.
    8. \n
  8. Update IDX Template for Callback
    9. \n
  9. Modify your IDX login page template to retrieve the JWT post-login. You can access the token via redirect URL parameters or secure JavaScript callbacks.
    10. \n
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Example Response:

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{

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\"access_token\": \"eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR...\",

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\"expires_in\": 1800

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}

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This integration approach works best for all teams that want effective identity workflows without the complexity of building proprietary login screens, something that is crucial for customer portals, onboarding of mobile applications, and even managing access for business partners.

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2. Direct API Implementation – Self Managed Login

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If you’re building a custom login UI or working in a headless environment, LoginRadius lets you generate and handle JWTs directly through its Authentication APIs. Here’s how you can programmatically perform token authentication using the classic method:

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Configuration Steps:

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Step 1: Authenticate via API:

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Include the user’s credentials (email + password) in the request body.

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Step 2: Get JWT in Response

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{

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\"access_token\": \"eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9...\",

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\"expires_in\": 3600

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}

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Step 3: JWT Decoding and Validation

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Step 4: Set Custom Claims (Optional)

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With LoginRadius, it is possible to customize the payload to include user roles and/or any additional metadata. You can set custom JWT claims on the Admin Console.

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With this method, you have complete customization over login flows while using LoginRadius to issue signed JWTs for user session management.

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NOTE- With either method, LoginRadius ensures that JWTs are securely signed, optionally short-lived, and compatible with standard token validation libraries, making integration seamless for everyone.

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To get started with JWT implementation, you can read our complete developer documentation.

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Hosted Login vs Direct API

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\"Illustration

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What is Session Management and How It Works with JWT

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Session management is how your app keeps track of a user after they log in so they don’t have to prove who they are with every request.

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In traditional apps, sessions are stored on the server using session IDs. Every time a request comes in, the server checks that session ID to verify the user.

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In modern apps, especially SPAs and APIs, JWTs are used to manage sessions without needing server-side storage; this is called stateless session management. The token itself carries the user’s identity, roles, and expiration details. As long as the token is valid, the user stays logged in.

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Good session management ensures:

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How LoginRadius Handles Session Management with JWT:

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  1. \n

    User Logs In

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    2. \n
  2. \n

    Client Stores the Token

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    3. \n
  3. \n

    Access Token Expiry

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    4. \n
  4. \n

    Token Renewal

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    5. \n
  5. Logout and Token Revocation Strategy
    6. \n
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When the user logs out, both the access token and refresh token should be cleared from client storage.

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Combining these strategies gives you greater control over token misuse and enables a robust, enterprise-grade logout flow.

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\"illustration

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How to Store JWT Tokens?

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When you implement JWT-based authentication, the client (browser or mobile app) needs a way to store the access token and, optionally, the refresh token after they are issued by the authentication server. This stored token is then attached to every subsequent request to prove the user's identity.

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Choosing where to store the JWT is a crucial security decision. The most common storage options are:

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Each option has trade-offs between security, accessibility, and persistence, and the right choice depends on your application's architecture and threat model.

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Recommended Storage Strategy

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Best Practices for Storing JWTs

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  1. Never store sensitive tokens (like refresh tokens) in localStorage or sessionStorage.
    2. \n
  2. Use Secure and HttpOnly flags with cookies to prevent JavaScript access and ensure transmission only over HTTPS.
    3. \n
  3. Set the SameSite=Strict or Lax attribute on cookies to protect against CSRF.
    4. \n
  4. Use short-lived access tokens and rotate refresh tokens regularly.
    5. \n
  5. Implement CSP (Content Security Policy) to reduce XSS risk.
    6. \n
  6. Avoid storing any tokens in frontend code (e.g., hardcoded in JS files).
    7. \n
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Conclusion

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JWT authentication with LoginRadius offers a modern, stateless approach to managing sessions across distributed systems. The IDX integration is ideal for rapid deployment, while the Direct API model is best for organizations needing deep customization and integration flexibility.

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With robust token signing, refresh capabilities, and centralized control, LoginRadius provides a future-ready foundation for secure, scalable identity architecture. Contact us to know more about JWT authentication and implementation guide.

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FAQs

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1. What is JWT authentication used for?

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A: JWT authentication securely verifies user identities, enabling stateless session management across web, mobile apps, and microservices without server-side session storage.

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2. How does LoginRadius simplify JWT integration?

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A: LoginRadius simplifies JWT integration by offering hosted IDX login pages and direct API-based authentication methods, enabling rapid deployment and deep customization.

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3. Is JWT authentication secure?

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A: Yes, JWT authentication is secure when implemented with best practices like short-lived tokens, secure storage methods, signature validation, and refresh token rotation.

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4. Can JWT tokens be revoked with LoginRadius?

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A: Yes, LoginRadius allows revocation of JWT refresh tokens explicitly, and supports strategies like short-lived tokens and key rotation to manage token lifecycles securely.

\n","frontmatter":{"date":"April 15, 2025","updated_date":null,"description":"Discover JWT (JSON Web Token) authentication, its advantages, and how to integrate it seamlessly using LoginRadius' hosted IDX and Direct API methods for secure, scalable identity management.","title":"JWT Authentication with LoginRadius: Quick Integration Guide","tags":["JWT","JSON Web Token","Authentication","Authorization"],"pinned":null,"coverImage":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":0.7782101167315175,"src":"/static/4cedb7829f98208cbc6d5a9aea4e983d/58556/how-to-integrate-jwt.webp","srcSet":"/static/4cedb7829f98208cbc6d5a9aea4e983d/61e93/how-to-integrate-jwt.webp 200w,\n/static/4cedb7829f98208cbc6d5a9aea4e983d/1f5c5/how-to-integrate-jwt.webp 400w,\n/static/4cedb7829f98208cbc6d5a9aea4e983d/58556/how-to-integrate-jwt.webp 800w,\n/static/4cedb7829f98208cbc6d5a9aea4e983d/1cc9f/how-to-integrate-jwt.webp 896w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}},"author":{"id":"Kundan Singh","github":null,"avatar":null}}}},"pageContext":{"limit":6,"skip":120,"currentPage":21,"type":"//engineering//","numPages":53,"pinned":"5c425581-f474-5ae9-abe7-cf5342db2aaa"}},"staticQueryHashes":["1171199041","1384082988","2100481360","23180105","528864852"]}